Air quality · Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
AQI 130.
An AQI of 130 sits in the Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups band (101–150) — the first band that should change a plan. If fine particulate is driving it, that is roughly 47.3 µg/m³ of PM2.5. Here is where the number comes from, which pollutant produced it, and why that second question changes the answer to everything else.
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Band 101–150 · Orange · 59% through the band
the concentration behind the number
The AQI is not a measurement. It is a unit-less index produced by running an actual pollutant concentration through a piecewise linear transform, which means the transform inverts — every AQI value corresponds to a specific concentration, and that concentration is the number with physical meaning.
An AQI of 130 works out to each of the following, depending on which pollutant is responsible:
PM2.5
47.3 µg/m³
fine particulate, 24-hour average — the usual driver in smoke events
PM10
214 µg/m³
coarse particulate, 24-hour average — dust, pollen, mechanical sources
Ozone
79 ppb
8-hour average — photochemical, needs sunlight to form
The transform
AQI = (Ihi − Ilo) / (BPhi − BPlo) × (C − BPlo) + Ilo
Where C is the measured concentration and BP/I are the breakpoints bracketing it. Solve for C instead of AQI and you get the figures above. Breakpoints here are the post-2024 EPA table, effective 6 May 2024, which lowered the PM2.5 ceiling for “Good” from 12.0 to 9.0 µg/m³ — a great many published tables still show the old numbers.
the number reports the worst pollutant, not the air
The AQI is computed separately for each monitored pollutant and then reported as the highest of those sub-indices. So an AQI of 130 does not describe the overall state of the atmosphere — it describes whichever single pollutant is currently furthest along its own scale, and says nothing about the others.
This matters more than it sounds, because the two pollutants that usually drive the US index behave in opposite ways across a day.
Ozone
Peaks mid-to-late afternoon
Ground-level ozone is not emitted; it is manufactured in place, by sunlight driving reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. It therefore needs two things — precursor emissions and solar energy — and accumulates through the day as both build. Concentrations are typically lowest around dawn and highest between roughly two and six in the afternoon, on hot, stagnant, sunny days.
Wildfire smoke
Often peaks overnight and at dawn
Smoke particulate is transported rather than formed locally, and where it sits is governed by mixing. After sunset the surface cools, a stable layer forms, and the atmosphere stops mixing vertically — so smoke aloft settles toward the ground and concentrates in it. Daytime heating breaks that inversion and mixes the smoke through a deeper layer, which frequently makes the afternoon the cleaner part of a smoke day.
Which is why the standard advice inverts. “Exercise in the morning when the air is better” is correct on an ozone day and can be exactly wrong on a smoke day. An AQI of 130 on its own cannot tell you which one you are in — the dominant pollutant can, and most air quality apps will name it if you look.
the number on your screen is already behind
Particulate AQI is built on a 24-hour average, and an average is a lagging instrument by construction. During a fast-moving smoke event the reported figure can trail the air you are actually standing in by hours — improving while conditions worsen, or still elevated after a front has scoured the air clean.
The practical correction is to read the trend and the raw concentration rather than the index alone. Rising PM2.5 with a falling index means the average has not caught up yet.
what changes at 130
People with asthma or other lung disease, people with heart disease, older adults, children and teenagers, and anyone doing prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors. Official guidance at this level, in the four decisions people actually make:
General information drawn from published EPA and AirNow category guidance, not medical advice. If you have a lung or heart condition, your own threshold may be lower than the category suggests.
what 130 does to the light
Visible haze. The horizon flattens, distant buildings and terrain lose their edges, and the sun takes on colour earlier in its descent than it should. Photographically this is the band where sunsets start to get genuinely good and the air stops being good to breathe — the same particulate does both.
The uncomfortable symmetry of air quality is that the particulate degrading the air is the same particulate producing the colour — which is why the most spectacular skies of a smoke year arrive on its worst days. Why sunsets differ from place to place comes down largely to what the air column is carrying.
nearby readings
For the full explanation of the categories, how a plume finds you, and what actually changes at each threshold, read the air quality index explained. For the other number on your forecast that nobody translates, see the UV index.
Is an AQI of 130 good or bad?
An AQI of 130 falls in the "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" category (101–150), which is not good. People with asthma or other lung disease, people with heart disease, older adults, children and teenagers, and anyone doing prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors. If fine particulate is the driver, 130 corresponds to roughly 47.3 µg/m³ of PM2.5 over 24 hours. The single most useful follow-up question is which pollutant is responsible, because ozone and wildfire smoke peak at opposite ends of the day.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is an AQI of 130 good or bad?
130 is not good. It sits in the "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" band, which runs 101 to 150 — note that "Good" is the specific name of the 0–50 band, so a Moderate reading is not the same thing as a good one. Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected. This is the threshold at which the index stops being informational and starts being a recommendation. People with asthma or other lung disease, people with heart disease, older adults, children and teenagers, and anyone doing prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors.
Can I exercise outside at AQI 130?
Sensitive groups should reduce prolonged or heavy outdoor exertion — shorten it, lower the intensity, or move it indoors. Everyone else can proceed, though a hard two-hour effort is worth reconsidering because exertion multiplies your exposure: heavy breathing moves far more air through your lungs and shifts you from nose breathing to mouth breathing, which bypasses the nose’s own filtration.
Should I open my windows at AQI 130?
Close them if the driver is particulate. Run recirculation in the car. If you have a portable air cleaner or a high-MERV filter in a forced-air system, this is the band where running it starts to matter.
What PM2.5 level does AQI 130 correspond to?
Roughly 47.3 µg/m³ as a 24-hour average, if PM2.5 is the pollutant driving the index. The same AQI of 130 corresponds to about 214 µg/m³ of PM10 or about 79 ppb of 8-hour ozone. The AQI reports whichever pollutant is worst at that moment, so the number alone does not tell you which one you are breathing.
Do I need a mask at AQI 130?
Not necessary for most people. Sensitive individuals spending extended time outdoors may reasonably choose a well-fitted N95 on a particulate day. Cloth and surgical masks do very little against PM2.5.
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